A Halloween History Blog – Cheddar Caves and gloriously ghoulish entertainment – The Witch of Wookey Hole

The Witch of Wookey Hole

I thought I would write a special blog for Halloween this year, and picked the caves in Cheddar Gorge for the topic as there’s a ghoulish story and some details of 18^th/19^th Century fascination with the caves.

Shall we do the ghoulish story first about the petrified Witch of Wookey Hole.

There is a very witch-like stalagmite figure which stands in the corner of Wookey Hole caves, and this figure, so the legend of the caves goes, is the petrified remains of a local witch who once lived in the caves.

The Witch had had her heartbroken and in revenge, with a bitter heart, it is said she destroyed any budding romance in the village of Cheddar.

So when a girl from Cheddar village fell in love with a man from Glastonbury and planned to marry the Witch cursed their love and destroyed it.

But the disappointed, heartbroken, man became a monk and sought revenge blaming the Witch not the local maid. He came back to Cheddar. The Witch hid in the corner of the cave while the monk blessed the water on the floor of cave and then cupped his hand and splashed it into the corner where the Witch hid. She turned to stone and she stands there until this very day to greet you as you enter Wookey Hole caves.

Thousands of tourists now explore the caves and I’m sure there will be massive numbers today.

So the history bit I thought I would share with you is how visitors explored the caves in the 18^th and 19^th Century.

Man has occupied and explored the caves for hundreds of centuries proven by the skeleton of the Cheddar Man found in Gough’s Cave. His remains are believed to date back to 7150 BC. But over the years the caves had silted up and become unexplored and unknown to a large extent. But then fascination for such places grew again when the English wars were over and people’s minds turned to entertainment and exploration. This was in the era of Grand Tours, and then when the Peninsular and Napoleonic wars raged men who had gone on Grand Tour previously had to find more local forms of exploration.

The history of tourism is recorded for one of the caves along Cheddar Gorge, Cox Cave .

It was named after the family who rediscovered and opened it up for public viewing in 1838. The caves were viewed then without electric light of course. There’s an image on the above link of a man holding a brace of candles up on a long pole to enable visitors to see the caves. If you have ever explored caves you can imagine it would have been very dark and candles would have given you a flickering orange light which would have shimmered back from the damp walls, probably only revealing individual areas of the cave at a time, not all of it, leaving your imagination to roam over what was hidden in the darkness behind you.

The way tourism operated then was very much the same as it did with large houses. People worked like stewards and would have a sign out for people to knock on their house if they wished to view so they would be taken into the caves in small groups. Perhaps it was on an outing from a local house, or a party touring the local area. Of course lower classes had very little leisure time then so it was mainly the upper and middle classes who came.

Sometimes it was a child of the family or the wife who led tours, depending upon who was available.

Sometimes a party might book a visit to the caves so they could be prepared with candles, which were then dramatically placed to reflect light from the pools which sat amongst the out crops of worn rock and acted like mirrors as clear as glass, not stirred by a single ripple. Sometimes a wealthy man might plan a dinner in the caves to impress his friends with the gothic horror of the caves.

Of course as per Jane Austen’s novel Northhanger Abbey, romance, horror and spooky tales were highly popular in the era, and men considered they needed to be romantic. Think of the poets Lord Byron and Percy Shelley, who knew how to romance women of the time and had numerous lovers, and the trip where they shut themselves away on the shore of Lake Geneva and entertained each other by telling Gothic horror stories which lead to Mary Shelley (then Mary Godwin) who was with them, conjuring up the tale of Frankenstein in her imagination. It was Shelley who encouraged her to then write the story as a novel. I am sure they would have loved to have dined in Cheddar caves.

Jane Lark is a writer of authentic, passionate and emotional love stories.

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The story of Emma Hart – Lady Hamilton – one of the scandalous women of history – including her relationship with Admiral Nelson

I learnt Emma’s story when I visited the English Heritage Ladies of Kenwood exhibition in Wellington Arch. One of the portraits on display was of Emma Hart at Prayer, and beside it there was a brief story about a woman who had been a mistress and become a wife. Of course I was fascinated so I had to find out more.

Emma was linked to Kenwood because she’d married Sir William Hamilton, a friend of the 2^nd Earl and Countess of Mansfield but Lord Mansfield did not approve of his wife spending time with Emma.

So Emma’s story.

She was born on the 26^th April 1765, the daughter of a blacksmith and called Amy or Emy Lyon. She was raised by her mother as her father had died when she was an infant, and in her young teens she was already in London earning a living through her beauty.

There are a few conflicting tails of how she was earning her living then. Some reports say she was the maid of an actress in Drury Lane but several concur that she spent time in a ‘temple of health’ more like a brothel. Although one report declares her role within the-quack-Dr Graham’s ‘Temple of Health’ was to pose as a living illustration.

The first man to secure her sole attentions was Sir Harry Featherstonehaugh of Uppark in Sussex. That relationship did not last long as Emma fell with child and Harry instantly abandoned her. But from here on Emma’s fortunes improved.

With her looks it did not take her long to find another man, The Hon. Charles Greville. At this time Emma was still only sixteen. Her child was sent to relatives in the country and Charles Greville took her as his paid mistress, setting her up with a house in Paddington Green where he may visit her often. She resided there as Mrs Emma Hart. No longer known as Amy Lyon.

In April 1782, Charles Greville decided to have his beautiful mistress painted for posterity and took her to the studios of George Romney. The artist fell in love with her.

Emma Hart as Circe

I have said before, it was a symptom of this era that man felt a need to be romantically inclined. Men competitively fawned about women, seeking their favour and women who lived on their looks encouraged it and flirted and hinted and teased right back, massaging men’s egos for all it was worth. Emma became George Romney’s addiction, in four years she sat a hundred times or more for him. He called her his muse and he painted her in numerous poses, finishing sixty paintings in total and becoming distracted from his more beneficial commissions.

Sir William Hamilton by Sir Joshua Reynolds

In August 1783 Emma met her future husband. Charles Greville’s uncle. He was the British Envoy in Naples, and he had returned to Britain with the remains of his first wife who he wished to bury in England. He enjoyed spending time with his nephew’s mistress and was as charmed by her as Charles and George Romney had been. He named her his ‘fair tea maker of Edgware Row.’ Lord Hamilton saw a Greek Goddess in Emma, thinking of the beautiful Roman and Italian sculptures he lived amongst in Naples. He commissioned Reynolds to paint her as bacchante and he took the portrait home with him when he returned.

Emma as bacchante

In 1785 Charles Greville wrote to his uncle – Charles was Lord Hamilton’s heir – complaining that he had financial difficulties. Lord Hamilton’s response was that Charles must marry and he must marry a women with a dowry not below £30,000 per year. Of course the other obvious implication was that Charles could no longer afford to keep Emma and he must give her up.

The letters which passed between London and Naples, between nephew and uncle, slowly developed a plan unknown to Emma. If Charles’s uncle took Emma then Charles would be released of his obligation to maintain her (most contracts with courtesans contained clauses for a separation fee and a future income once the woman was cast off, often men did not pay it).

The other benefit to Charles was that if his uncle was distracted by a beautiful young mistress he may never remarry and if he did not then it was more likely Charles might have his inheritance. If his uncle remarried there may yet be sons who would stand between Charles and any hope of his inheriting his uncle’s fortune.

Emma left London in 1786, alone, packed off to Naples by Charles Greville and leaving a grieving George Romney behind.

Emma Hart in Cavern

George Romney painted two pictures to express his grief. The first is of Emma, his ‘English Rose’ in the cavern’s of the Neapolitan coastline, looking heart-sore because he imagines her missing London.

The second was Emma in mourning dress, expressing George Romney’s own grief at the loss of his muse.

There is no doubt that Emma was passed from Charles to his uncle with out her consent, because letters are in existence which confirm her confusion. Three months after she had arrived in Naples she wrote to Charles. She had been waiting for his arrival. She had thought only that she had gone ahead of him and that he was to join her.

‘I have a language master, a singing master …but what is it for, if it was to amuse you I should be happy, but Greville… I am poor helpless and forlorn. I have lived with you for five years and you have sent me to a strange place no one prospect, me thinking you were coming to me; instead of which I was told I was to live with Sir W. No. I respect him, but no, never shall he perhaps live with me for a little while like you and send me to England, then what am I to do, what is to become of me.’

She did become Lord Hamilton’s mistress within six months, although her letters still recorded that she pined for Charles. It was not her choice at the time.

The Neapolitan court were drawn to Emma’s very English beauty with her auburn hair and Lord Hamilton encouraged her to pose for people in statuesque ‘attitudes’. When Johann Wolfgang Goethe a writer visited Naples in 1787 he wrote. ‘After many years of devotion to the arts and the study of nature, Hamilton has found the acme of these delights in the person of an English girl… with a beautiful face and a perfect figure… she lets down her hair and, with a few shawls, gives so much variety to her poses that the spectator can hardly believe his eyes.’

Emma married Lord Hamilton on a return visit to London in 1791, she was 26 and he 61 and by this point she had clearly grown accustomed to her fate as she is recorded as writing to Charles Greville ‘I love him tenderly.’ Before she married during her stay in London George Romney had her sit for him many times but after her marriage she never sat for him again as Lord Hamilton forbade it.

She was never accepted in English circles because she was considered too vulgar but in Naples her celebrity grew, and in August 1793 she met Admiral Nelson and played a part in securing the Kingdom of Naples allegiance with Britain through association with the Queen. Both Hamilton and Nelson believed her influential in the agreement.

After this Lord Hamilton fell ill but Emma continued performing her ‘attitudes’, though she also grew in size.

It was in 1798 Emma began her last and most notable affair.

Wounded with one arm amputated and blind in one eye, following his defeat of the French in Aboukir Bay, Nelson wrote to the Hamiltons. ‘I trust my mutilations will not cause me to be less welcome.’ Of course Emma would welcome the Hero of the Nile and she prepared a lavish welcome.

Emma was responsible for nursing Nelson back to health, as a maid and a mistress while Lord Hamilton treated Nelson as a friend and like a son. The lived ménage-à-trios for eighteen months in Naples, with Nelson’s ships in the bay responding to occasional action and when he helped the King and Queen flee to the safety of the court at Palermo, he took the Hamiltons with him. But rumours of their scandalous relationship were spreading. Emma became known for her drinking and her gambling and when she played at tables Nelson would always be seated directly behind her watching.

In June 1800, Nelson claimed to be too ill to continue in his post and although he had a wife in London, he remained mostly with the Hamiltons.

The cartoon below was drawn by James Gillroy in 1801, and depicts Emma in a classic attitude of despair, with her husband sleeping behind her while she looks out at Nelson’s departing ships, while spread about the floor are phallic symbols her husband was known to show an interest in, and emblems of her former beauty in statues. However more fool Gillroy for Emma’s size at the time was in part due the fact she was secretly carrying Nelson’s child, Horatia.

When Lord Hamilton died in 1803, Emma then lived with Nelson until he died too. In his will Nelson entrusted Emma’s care upon the nation. But George III wanted nothing to do with such an embarrassing social climber, especially as by this time she was a drunk and had a habit of displaying herself in public inappropriately.

As with other stories of women who lived upon their looks Emma’s end was not happy at all. She fled to Calais and died of alcoholism.

Jane Lark is a writer of authentic, passionate and emotional love stories.